Why We Should Study Science

Why we should study science Science has brought many changes in the world today. It is used in all the corners of the world for the benefit of man. The motor-car or the electric lamp that we use today was not known to people who lived generations ago. Owing to the use of Science the people of today are able to do many things with ease and comfort. Travel  has become very easy. So men’s activity has increased greatly. Science has also been used to treat the sick and the sounded. As a result, people can now live a longer  life  than their ancestors could.Even the most serious diseases do not frighten people so much as they did before. Further, Science has made it possible for people to sit at home and see the world around. The television, the  newspaper  and color books help millions of people to learn at home. The radio too has done much to teach and inform people in all parts of the world. It is therefore necessary for us to learn Science, if we wish to enjoy greater comforts. Deal all! How are you today? I have some opinions to claim why we should learn science. First of all, if you have no knowledge, you don't have anything no job, no money and some more†¦ nd study not only in science but also in different area is the shortest way to gain knowledge. What if I'm a famous historical or writer and I have a good job, much money although I know nothing or few about math, physics or chemistry! OK, so do you have a computer or cell phone? How do you use it if you don't have some basic skill about computer or internet†¦ Who made those things and how can they make it? Of course they are engineers, experts, masters†¦ or at least they have enough science knowledge which they have to learn. Do you like computer? Do you want to make your our game or edit your photo, movie, music†¦You have to study some program languages or how to use some softwares. That's science, my friend. You still not agree! You dislike computer, you never use mob ile phone or telephone and you event don't use TV and radio. So what do you do when your wife tell you to install a new socket or fuse- learn basic electrical skill or tell your wife â€Å"I can't do it, ask your exboyfriend or someone else†. There are no electrical devices in your house+_+ where do you live^_^. What will happen when your children in grade school ask you to help them with their math, physic or chemical homework. That's

Ethics: Utilitarianism Essay

The theory behind utilitarianism is that one’s actions are right if it promotes happiness or pleasure and wrong if it does not promote happiness or pleasure. The main point to this theory is the principle of utility that states â€Å"according to which actions should be chosen that bring about the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people. † (Palmer) Jeremy Bentham gave essentially utilitarianism its name and brought more attention to it than those before him. Bentham came up with a guide named the calculus of felicity that included seven categories for choosing among different possible activities to promote one’s happiness or pleasures. John Stuart Mills, also an utilitarian, added to Bentham’s calculus because he did not fully agree with everything it stood for. Bernard Williams argued that utilitarianism is not a good moral theory and that it violates moral integrity. In this paper I will explain Bentham’s calculus of felicity, Mill’s addition to the calculus, and Williams’ thoughts against utilitarianism. The first category of the calculus of felicity is intensity which asked how intense are the pleasures likely to be. The second is duration. Duration refers to the question of how long the pleasures are to last. The third is certainty. The question of certainty is how certain are the pleasures. The fourth is propinquity which refers to how soon will the pleasures be available. Number five on the calculus is fecundity. Fecundity wants one to think about how many more pleasures will follow in their wake. Number six is purity. Purity wants one to question how free from pain are the pleasures. Lastly, number seven is extent. Extent questions how many people will receive pleasure and be affected by your acts. Mills understood Bentham’s theory to be quantitative with a numerical analysis. Mills preferred to think of utilitarianism as a qualitative analysis. Mills believed in different types of pleasures. Pleasures of the body and pleasures of the mind. Mills considered the quantitative analysis to fulfill the â€Å"lower† desires, or the basic human desires. The â€Å"higher† desires are the ones dealing with quality. Mills’ theory suggests that the lower quality pleasures are those of the body and the pleasures of the mind are the higher quality pleasures. Mills thought higher of the pleasures of intellect than that of pleasing our bodies. An example of this is giving someone a choice of having the price of beer reduced or continue paying to keep teachings of Shakespeare in schools. I believe Mills’ concern was that some people would most likely choose taking a price reduction in beer over Shakespeare. This would not be Mills’ choice and he would think this as humans satisfying his or her lower quality pleasures. Williams believes that utilitarianism decisions are not based on any kind of moral ground and looks out for one’s self interest only. Williams believes in a deeper meaning to things based on morals for not only oneself but of others also. Williams gives a story in his writing of a man named George. George has been offered a job in a laboratory in which the research is in chemical and biological warfare. George refuses the job because he is opposed to biological nd chemical warfare. The man offering the job doesn’t understand George’s decision because George has a wife and kids at home to support. The utilitarianist would agree that George should take the job. I believe Williams’ problem with this is the bigger picture that George is opposed to what the company stands for and the research he would be doing could ultimately affect a whole country. As Williams states in his writing, â€Å"A feature of utilitarianism is that it cuts out a kind of consideration which for some others makes a difference to what they feel about such cases: a consideration involving the idea, as we might first and very simply put it, that each of us is specially responsible for what he does, rather than for what other people do. (Williams) Integrity is compromised in the utilitarianism choice because it does not stand on a deep moral ideal. The choice to take the job would destroy George’s integrity by holding him responsible for something that he does not do about his opposing feelings and threatening the idea of his boundaries. I can appreciate the views of Bentham, Mills and Williams theories, but I personally agree with Williams’ concepts the most. I agree with Williams that we as humans should take the whole situation, who it involves currently, and who it will potentially affect in the future. We should not just seek self pleasure. To dissect how much pleasure, for how long, and so on does not take into consideration the factor of long term effects. As for Mills’ conclusion that intellectual pleasure is best, that is just his opinion on expanding the mind. It does not give answers to everyday dilemmas.

Strategic Choise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Strategic Choise - Essay Example Porter's Generic Strategies model (Porter, 1985) illustrated that competitive scope is to be either, focused on the whole market, or a narrow segment of the available market. In addition, the model emphasised that only two effective marketing strategies existed: lowest product costs or high-perceived value by the customer (differentiation) (Macmillan & Tampoe, 2000). The model depicts three generic strategies: 1) cost leadership; 2) differentiation; and 3) focus on a target market. The least attractive strategy is one that takes the middle ground between two options. For example, British Airways (BA) uses a differentiation strategy (Johnson & Scholes, 1999). "The "BA Way" business strategy actively engages with employees, shareholders, customers and the community (Johnson & Scholes, 1999). During 2004-2005 BA experienced an increase of 3.3% in revenue. In contrast, Adria Airlines' Customer Relationship Management strategy focuses on quality and the personal touch, according to Porter 's model would be focusing on a target market (Adria Airways, 2004). In contrast to Porter's model Adria experienced an increase in production and administrative costs of 12% during 2003-2004 (Adria Airways, 2004). Both airlines are concerned with only a narrow segment of the airline market, yet neither benefited substantially from their strategic choice. Bowman's Strategy Clock model (Macmillan & Tampoe, 2000) is comparable to Porter's model in that he also categorised competitive strategy into cost leadership or degree of differentiation (Johnson & Scholes, 1999, Macmillan & Tampoe, 2000). However, Bowman's model extended Porter's by incorporating a "hybrid" strategy that represented an optimal balance between perceived customer value and price. This provides an organisation with three broad strategies that exist on a continuum: 1) low cost and low value as perceived by the customer (i.e., generic brands); 2) "good value" products that find balance between price and value; and 3) high cost and high perceived value items (i.e., luxury goods) (Macmillan & Tampoe, 2000). Bowman's model is much more reflective of the 21st century marketing environment, in that many organisations specialise in providing products and services that blend low cost and high differentiation (Macmillan & Tampoe, 2000). For example, British Airways could be co nsidered to be using the hybrid strategy of Bowman's, as its business strategy seeks to lower costs yet differentiate itself by way of increasing its engagement with stakeholders (British Airways, 2005). According to Porter's model, this would be a weak strategy as it combines two generic strategies (i.e., cost leadership and differentiation). Adria Airlines Customer Relationship Management strategy (Adria Airways, 2004), could be considered to be in Bowman's category of focused differentiation, due to its provision of seasonal charter services, and personal high quality services. So that the higher price of their product also has perceived added value for a select target market. This category reflects Porter's generic category of differentiated focus for a narrow competitive strat

RFPs are sick, not dead Read this article, and write a report about it Essay

RFPs are sick, not dead Read this article, and write a report about it - Essay Example nizations require to consider when they are making decisions concerning the most appropriate routes for making pre-contract engagements with their suppliers. The St. Paul meeting center that is located in Mississippi uses RFP’s or information to find visitors to their ideal locations that they have established for holding conferences, conventions, trade shows and other similar events. The company’s RFP requires any personal or event information that their customers may require so that can prepare in advance for the meetings. It also contains the preferred contact methods and any other information that the customers may require on their site. The requirements include things like hospitality suite and audio visual requirements and descriptions of the catered dining events among other similar issues (Cendyn, 2012). According to the article, â€Å"RFP’s are sick, not dead† some senior representatives who were attending the Business Travel Market session 2012 debated on the issue with some proposing while others were opposing the motion. The critics insisted that RFP’s had been very long and required too many details that were in fact placing heavy burdens on their suppliers with the hope of winning business (Leach, 2012). However, one Bruno Fornasiero who was a global sales optimization director defended the process claiming that the principles behind the processes had remained strong over time though improvements could be made on this process. In his defense, he explained that he had viewed on many occasions RFP’s that asked questions like, â€Å"How many key strokes are required to make a booking†. Some other participants like Russell Green, a corporate sales director from the UK & IHG Company strongly resented the traditional processes and advocated for the use of the less official RFI (Request for Information) process. Telefonica’s HR, Sarah-Jayne Aldridge did however support the use of these RFP’s by suggesting that it was the suppliers who did not

Personal Mission & Professional Goal Statements for Educational Essay

Personal Mission & Professional Goal Statements for Educational Leadership Class - Essay Example I was given the passion to learn new things in each and every day of my life. I chose to deal out what I have learned to everyone. I was given the freedom to influence other people. I opted to influence others with the knowledge that God gave me. I was called to teach. I agreed to be His disciple, His follower. I was given the voice to speak out His glory. I conceded to be His voice here on earth. This is my calling, my vocation. This is the path that I chose. This is my way to my salvation. I will squeal on top of my lungs. I will teach His words. I will live by His words. I will educate people as long as I can. This is my mission. I am free. I will complete my mission in any way I could as long as I know that I abide by the rules and regulations. I will find ways to further enhance my skills so that I will be able to fulfill my purpose in life. What do I have to do to keep my mission on its correct track? I created a list of things I should keep in mind for me to address my mission. First, as an educator, I will try to keep an open communication with my superiors, with my fellow educators, and with my students and their guardians. I would regularly ask them for their opinions regarding the way I teach and reach them. I will make them feel that every word they say about me and about certain things are appreciated and highly regarded. I would establish a good, healthy relationship with my students. I will try to gather their thoughts and perspectives about education. I would listen to their voices for I know that being an educator is a two-way process, they learn from me and at the same time, I will be able to pick up relevant points from them, views that I could use in my own personal living. I will attend to every meeting especially if the meeting would be comprised of the people I usually encounter. I would try to develop programs that would unite the students’ parents and the faculty members of our school, so that through these programs we will be able

Healthcare reform Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Healthcare reform - Essay Example ry in the world, with $7,290 spent per person on health care cost (Centre for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2009), yet suffers from massive un-insurance, uneven quality of care and administrative waste. The public health insurance sector is much smaller compared to the private health insurance sector and comprises of Medicare for the elderly, Medicaid for the low-income groups and disabled, State Children’s Health Insurance Program for children of families who do not qualify for Medicaid and lack private insurance and Veteran’s Administration for military veterans. The private health insurance sector comprises of employer sponsored insurance and private non-group insurance. 1. Extend coverage through insurance mandate: This would be implemented by providing subsidies in insurance premiums and tax credits up to 35% of premiums for small businesses that employ less than 50 people to provide health care benefits. Those people who are not covered under Medicare or employer sponsored insurance will receive assistance through direct subsidies to purchase insurance through a new on-line exchange, an internet state run market place. for insurers to exclude lifetime and annual caps and cover more of a person’s health care cost. It also requires all new health insurance plans to provide coverage for preventive services with no out of pocket cost and prevents exclusions made for necessary care. The major outcome of these reforms for clients/patients of the health care system is that it will ensure that maximum number of people have health insurance. It will also encourage health care clients to focus on prevention, health promotion and wellness rather than cure of diseases. Also, more healthcare services would be covered. It is projected that this reform will help in reduce the number of uninsured in the country from 19% in 2010 to 8% by 2016 (International Insurance News, 2010). In light of the new health care reform, baccalaureate-prepared nurses will spend a

Philosophy of Film. Film as thought experiments Essay

Philosophy of Film. Film as thought experiments - Essay Example Thought experiments are an important part of many abstract theoretical sciences, and play a significant role in the field of philosophy in which the philosophers have to investigate and illuminate multifaceted issues and dense theories which they cannot experiment empirically. It is not wrong to say that thought experiments are themselves complicate to comprehend because they are a complex subject. The Trolley Problem is a famous thought experiment in the field of ethics (Thomson, 1985), which intends to discuss that in the physical world, there is often not a moral course of action that one can proceed with, given choices. It involves a madman who has tied five people on one trolley track, and one on another. A trolley is careening toward the five people and you, as a savior, can save either the five people or the one on the other track. When you save the five people, you are held guilty to have killed the other one, and when you do nothing you are accused of immoral act of doing no thing to save them. Another thought experiment is Monkeys and Typewriters that says that infinite number of monkeys, if given infinite time on infinite number of computers, can produce a work of Shakespeare (Sober 116). How film is considered as a thought experiment is an interesting topic. Film can prove philosophical in the same way as one of the thought experiments. Filmmakers have tried to incorporate thought experiments in many recent films like The Batman (The Trolley Problem) and The Dark Knight (The Prisoner’s Dilemma). Whether film can be regarded as thought experiments or as a piece of philosophy has been a hot topic of debate between the philosophers of modern times. The modern concept of filmmaking has this thing that film can do philosophy other than mere entertainment, and can be considered as legitimate works of philosophy. Wartenberg asserts that thought experiments are a strong bridge between film and philosophy, although they are not the philosophers’ realm entirely (57). He asserts that the strongest evidence that thought experiments provide a link between film and philosophy is â€Å"their reliance on hypothetical-i.e. fictional scenarios† (57). The film, the Matrix, is about the deception hypothesis in which whatever the characters of the film experience is such a reality that is in fact â€Å"a huge, interactive perceptual illusion†¦created and maintained by the computers that have taken over the world† (Wartenberg and Curran 276). The concept is based upon such a world that depicts time 200 years later, and it has been regarded as computers’ triumph against human beings in a distressing combat. Computers have been shown breeding humans as humans have been devising ways to breed animals. The philosophy in the film is that human bodies are shown generating more energy than they are consuming, and for this extra energy that is being expelled out, computers have been designed in such a way that they br eed humans that are kept in a skyscraper. The logic behind the concept is that â€Å"humans need to have their minds distracted while their bodies produce the required electrical energy† (Wartenberg and Curran). How the film raises the question that the whole perceptual experience of the

Impact of Making Marijuana Legal on the Economy Essay

Impact of Making Marijuana Legal on the Economy - Essay Example However problems arise where the government has lower levels of tax revenue which may hinder spending, marijuana is an illegal product and the demand and supply is dictated by current laws, there is a risk involved and if it is to be made legal the government has an opportunity to increase revenue, there will be an increase in the production of the drug which will increase investment in the production process and therefore provide employment. An increase in employment will increase per capita and this increase will increase spending and the demand for other goods and services in the economy. (Keynes, 2007). In many countries marijuana is an illegal drug and traded in the black market. This product has several health side effects; however it still can be used in the production of other drugs. ... Tax revenue: Marijuana has a number of purposes and one of the most important purpose is that it is used to produce medicinal drugs that can cure various ailments, on the other hand the product is traded in the black market as a drug, it is estimated that the price is more than triple the cost of production, therefore the traders have huge profits and this is due to the risk involved because its illegal to consume and trade marijuana. If the government makes marijuana legal then there will be an increase in tax revenue, the estimated tax revenue is approximately $1billion. The consumption of marijuana products will also increase given that making it legal will encourage individuals to consume the product given that there is no legal risk involved, the increase in demand wills eventually increase trade and therefore increase tax revenue. (About economics, 2009) Employment: The other positive impact of making marijuana legal is that there will be an increase in employment. Employment will increase as individuals in the economy will tend to produce their own products, the production process will require labor and capital and therefore employment in the economy will increase, this will be a positive impact given the current recession that has resulted into many individuals losing their jobs and per capita income has declined. The increase in employment means that there will be an increase in per capita income and this means that individuals in the economy will have income to spend therefore improving current living standards. Individuals in the economy will have income that will enable them to spend and this will therefore increase the level of demand in the economy and this will be a solution to the current recession that

Principles of Social Workers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Principles of Social Workers - Essay Example Thesis Statement Considering the task of social workers this report would intend to discuss the ethical standards and responsibilities of social workers. Thus, the objective of report is to understand various aspects of the moral concerns and other operating principles to be considered by the social workers taking into account the working standards, historical outlooks, confidentiality and ethical responsibilities. Unique Aspects of Social Worker’s Profession Social worker’s occupation has its unique form of understanding, ‘code of ethics’, values, state certifications and countrywide system of qualified education packages. These aspects prepare social workers to syndicate the aspiration and to assist others with the knowledge, abilities and morals which are essential to offer such assistances with efficiency. Contextually, besides various non-governmental organizations, social workers are also found in public organizations, profit-seeking companies, hospit als, universities, police branches, courts and numerous other modern day workplaces serving various people, families and societies at large (National Association of Social Workers, 2012). It is worth mentioning in this regard that professional social workers assist people to restore or improve their abilities for social working through developing societal situations favorable of the accomplishment of their objectives. Hence, the tasks of social work require acquaintance of human behavior of social, financial and cultural establishments and the incorporation of all these characteristics. Furthermore, social workers’ occupation is considered as highly qualified and knowledgeable specialists, which is also regarded as one of the rapidly increasing professions in the United States. The report of ‘Council on Social Work Education’ depicts that in the year 2000, almost 22,163 students were registered in social working programs which was further anticipated to grow by 3 0% in 2010. Unlike other professions, social workers attempt to assist people to overcome the challenges faced by them in their daily lives in terms of poverty, discernment, abuse, addiction, physical sickness, annulment, joblessness, educational limitation, disability and mental sickness. It is in this context that the social workers attempt to inhibit crisis situations and guide people to deal with the pressures of regular life more efficiently (National Association of Social Workers, 2012). National Organization for Human Service Education (NOHSE) Standards In general terms, there are no specific standards which can provide action for every situation that might appear in the tasks of social workers. However, in the year 1995, National Organization for Human Service Education (NOHSE) had approved ethical standards for social workers in order to reduce the conflict of strategies towards determining the course of actions to be taken in certain circumstances. These standards narrated the responsibilities bestowed on social workers defining social work as an occupation which has developed in reaction to the expectation of human requirements and problems. Therefore, social workers should preserve the truthfulness and morals of occupation, encourage welfare of people and improve their professional qualities on a continuous basis.

Beer Market Essay Example for Free

Beer Market Essay The Market. How should one think about market definition in the U.S. beer industry? Is there a single â€Å"beer market,† or are there several markets? If there are two or more markets, how would you identify them? How does demand substitutability and/or supply substitutability affect market boundaries in the industry? How high is demand substitutability and supply substitutability across segments of the industry, and in particular across the different markets you have identified? We find two markets in the beer industry: Alcoholic beer market and Nonalcoholic beer market. The demand substitutability heavily affects the market boundary in the industry. People who cannot consume alcohol can never try alcoholic beer. On the other hand, people who can drink alcoholic beer generally do not like nonalcoholic beer because they want to enjoy drinking â€Å"alcohol†. It means that the demand substitutability between alcoholic beer and nonalcoholic beer is low. In the alcoholic beer market, the demand substitutability is high. There are difference of the taste between the products (lagers, ales and etc.), but we believe people can switch the product easily. There is price difference, but still the range is $3-$7 and people can try other products easily. I can imagine if lagers decreased the price by $2, people having ales would try lagers. People can get almost all types of beer in USA, so there is no geographical boundary. In terms of the supply substitutability, it does not affect the market boundary. All beer companies can produce any types of beer. If a beer company earned a lot of profit in the nonalcoholic beer market, others would jump in the market. There is no geographical boundary, neither. In summary, the demand substitutability and the supply substitutability are high, except for the demand substitutability between non-alcohol and alcohol. Large Firms. Anheuser-Busch and SAB-Miller/Coors use advertising as their main tool in fighting for market share. It has been argued that they advertise too much. (See â€Å"Beer: Price and Advertising Elasticities of Demand† in the reading package.) Do high levels of advertising make sense, or should they be scaled back? Should SAB-Miller/Coors rely more on pricing to compete with A-B? Why or why not? Spending a lot of expenses make sense in the beer industry. First, the demand substitutability is very high. Beer is relatively cheap though there is the $2-3 price difference. Beer has different tastes, but still it tastes beer. People can try another type of beer easily, seeing the advertisement. Second, the advertisement of beer can increase the pie of the demand. For example, if we was an advertisement of beer in summer, we just feel like drinking beer. An advertisement can not only get the customers of a competitor, but also can increase the pie of the demand. Finally, an advertisement is effective to make a long lasting brand. Branding and penetration in the market is important and the companies cannot build them in short-run. An advertisement helps the company to make the prestigious brand in long-run. 3. Antitrust Issues. Some economists opposed the Miller-Coors U.S. merger. They argued that it would create too much concentration in the industry, and lead to more market power and higher prices for consumers. Do you agree and think the merger should have been blocked by the DOJ? Why or why not? Explain briefly but clearly. [pic] According to Steven Newborn, an antitrust attorney with Weil Gotshal Manges in Washington, D.C. said, â€Å"Normally, a 30% market share would not create a problem, but when you have two companies controlling almost 80%, the government may think there is potential for anti-competitive effect.†1 Others have different opinion. I can see a price war breaking out if MillerCoors starts to gain share from Budweiser, says Roman Shuster, a research analyst in Chicago with Euromonitor International PLC. InBev is known to push back, and what they do will have a huge impact on the market.2 I believe the merger shouldn’t have been blocked by DOJ because of below two reasons: †¢ To avoid monopoly: If the merger is blocked by DOJ, then Anheuser-Busch may even capture more market share due to its cost advantages as the result of economies of scale. This may result in a monopoly. Merger gives MillerCoors more than 30% of the market share and a chance to fairly compete with Anheus er-Busch. †¢ Consumers may benefit customers due to price war: Joint venture of MillerCoors was expected to reduce the production and transportation cost of the company. Now both the companies can brew beers at the combined locations and save on transportation and other costs. When the operations merged then hundreds of employees may be laid-off which is expected to reduce employee-related costs.3 Reduced cost will enable MillerCoors to reduce price in the hope to gain market share. Consequent price decreases by Anheuser-Busch may start a price war which will benefit customers. 4. Small Firms. Craft brewing has been the fastest growing segment of the beer industry, but very few craft brewers have reached annual sales levels of 50,000 barrels or more. Magic Hat, however, has reached annual sales of over 150,000. Why has Magic Hat been relatively successful, and does it have the potential to keep growing? If you were to enter the craft brewing market next summer, what would be your sales objective over the following 5 years? What strategy would you use to achieve that objective? Key success factors of Magic Hat potential of growing: As Co-founder of Magic Hat, Alan Newman, says Magic Hat has gone from making kegs for a few Burlington bars to being the number 10 craft brand in the country4. Mainly there are two reasons for its success: †¢ Quality Product Delicious Taste: Magic Hat products are known for its uniquely delicious beers. They have understood taste of their customers. They provide quality product and respect their customer choices. †¢ Quirky Branding: Magic Hat is having a different way of advertising. Its webpage doesn’t ask whether you are 18 or above. But says – Splendor and glory are yours if you can answer one riddle: when were you born? They associate their product to Splendor and glory. Their commercials are equally quirky. Instead of showing people drinking beer and having fun, they show the brewing process and end the commercial by saying â€Å"A performance in every bottle†. Branding is very important to attract customers and their different way of advertising has given them a unique brand name. I believe that Magic Hat has the potential of growing further by focusing on innovation. In Magic Hats Vision and Values Statement, the company focusses on innovation, stating that †¦ideas cannot be limited by current perception. 4 They are expanding in new places and also in long-term markets. Sales Objective and Strategy: Currently total brewery market in U.S. is $27.6B. And it is expected to increase at the rate of 1.9% per year for the next five years to reach $30.3B. But much of this increase is expected to be in craft and premium beer segments. So I believe a growth target of 5% per year I reasonable. So starting at 50,000 barrels, my objective will be to at least increase sales by 5% per year. I will adopt below strategy to be competitive in the market: 1) Select geographic areas where it is appropriate and profitable to sell products. 2) Keep optimum debt level. 3) Establish a brand name by effective advertising and public relations. 4) By optimally utilizing capacity. 5) By controlling distribution arrangements so that they are optimal. By carefully planning links to wholesale stores, bars and nighclubs. 6) By achieving economies of Scale. If required, acquire or merge with another brewery. References 1http://www.beer-universe.com/beer-education-article/2012-07-06/Beer-Wars-Is-Big-Beer-Getting-Too-Big-/ 2http://www.stltoday.com/business/columns/lager-heads/price-war-coming-in-the -beer-industry/article_44619cea-1fb5-5d76-b55c-e7dcc0ee3722.html 3IBISWorld Industry Report 31212 Breweries in the US 4http://www.legalzoom.com/business-management/success-stories/microbreweries-found-macro-suc

Negative Effects of the Industrial Revolution

Negative Effects of the Industrial Revolution 1834 in Lowell, Massachusetts; chants of Union is Power could be heard as the young girls of Lowell Mills took to the streets to protest a wage cut of 15-20% to their already meager salaries. Banded together as one, with a common sense of companionship and unity bred from long hours of working side by side; the girls attempted to keep their earnings. An attempt that only ended in defeat, and the firing , of many. This is only a small example of the many indecencies done to society during the Industrial Revolution of America. From 1824 to 1840 the Jacksonian Era raged in America, a period in time in which the common man became the focal point of politics and the Industrial Revolution reared its head; changing the country economically as well as socially. In this time period The United States of America went from a mainly agricultural based economy to one that relied heavily on textiles and manufacturing. Several factors contributed to this occurrence: new technology, new fuel sources, advancements in transportation, a rise in immigration, and the creation of the telegraph which led to faster communication not only in America but also across the sea. Technological advancements were accompanied by a drastic rise in the population, not only had the average birth rate risen, immigration had added hundreds of thousands new residences in a relatively small period of time, mostly coming from Ireland and Germany. In the mid-1840s Ireland was faced with the Potato Famine, an extreme drought that left more than two million dead. In an attempt to escape this condition, and find a country that could not only support them but in which they could also make a living, many Irish immigrated to America. Unfortunately, many of these immigrants reached the land of plenty with insufficient means and were forced to stay in the cities being unable to afford expanding westward into new territory, or even owning any land at all. Due to their financial situations, many Irish immigrants were taken advantage of by the natives. Boston was a good example of the abuse that occurred to the Irish. Landlords were known to divide former single family dwellings into inexpensive housing charging a single Irish family living in a nine by eleven foot room with poor ventilation, no water, unsanitary conditions, and no daylight for around $1.50 a week. The demand for housing was astronomical and the cramped, overpopulated conditions that steamed from this need became a breeding place for diseases; especially cholera. Of all the Irish children born in Boston during this period, sixty percent did not live to see their sixth birthday, and the adult Irish lived an average of only six years after stepping off the boat into America. Most of this death and disease was simply caused by poor housing. A Boston Committee of International Health described an Irish slum as, a perfect hive of human beings, without comforts and mostly without common necessities; in many cases huddled together like brutes, without regard for to age or sex or sense of decency. Under such circumstances, self-respect, forethought, all the high noble virtues soon die out, and sullen indifference and despair or disorder, intemperance and utter degradation reign supreme. Not only were the new Irish immigrants faced with horrible living conditions, they were also discriminated against heavily by the native Americans. The Protestant population that could trace their origins all the way back to the earliest English settlers did not take very kindly to the newcomers. Not only were they stealing scarce jobs that were in high demand in their eyes, but they were also Catholics. Protestants were extremely against any religion that wasnt theirs, especially Catholics who were rumored to be cannibals among other things. It was this resentment that helped fund a strong nativist/ anti-Immigration movement and helped to later form the Know-Nothing Party. This discrimination along with the fear that the Irish immigrants would take much needed jobs led to the placement of NINA signs on many factories, or No Irish Need Apply . Germans, the other major European nationality emigrating to America at this time, faired slightly better due to the fact that they arrived in North America in much better financial standings. However, they were still forced to deal with discrimination and were still forced down to the bottom of the social ladder. Many ended up pushing westward and keeping to themselves, forming German communities. Women were another group that was greatly affected by the Industrial Revolution. Before the Industrial Revolution farm women and girls made a living for their families; spinning yarn, weaving cloth, and making candles, soap, butter, and cheese. However, with the new technology in manufacturing goods, these women were displaced by factories that could produce the same products at a much quicker pace and at greater quantities. While these factories took away one part of their livelihood, they attempted to make up for it by offering employment to them, promising a new economic independence and the ability to afford all of the manufactured products of the time. This promise was misleading; the reality of the matter was that these factory girls typically worked long, grueling thirteen hour days, six days a week. They earned a meager salary, much below the male workers of those days, for limb-numbing, mind-draining, dangerous work in which the machinery could seriously or even fatally injure a girl of she made a mistake. On top of that, they were made to live in a small boarding house owned by their employers, carefully watched and held at a very strict time schedule that ran their lives leaving these young women with no free time. Their lives were lived from whistle to whistle, its blowing signaling when to wake up, eat breakfast, go to work, and every other aspect of their lives including going to church every Sunday. The factories also claimed that they would provide education for their young workers. However, this was generally meant to be done on the ladies own time that of which there was little. A young woman who worked in the Lowell M ills of Massachusetts in 1845 wrote about her living conditions, Crowded into a small room, which contains three beds and six females, all possessing the without end tongue of women, what chance is there for studying?Despite the constant restriction these women were set in a new environment far from home with no mother-like figure to guide them. These boarding houses provided plenty of temptations and the lack of guidance was surely an equation for trouble. Another problem that arose with women in the workplace was the rearing of the next generation. Long hours in the factories, year after year, led to a physically and emotional premature breakdown of these women. When it came time to raise their own children who were to be the next generation, many times they had to continue working or were ill after the added stress that child birth put on them. A young Lowell Mill girl simply known as Julianna commented that, It has been remarked by some writer that the mother educates the man. Now, if this be a truth, as we believe it is, to a very great extent, what, we would ask, are we to expect, the same labor prevailing, will be the mental and intellectual character of the future generations of New England? The Industrial Revolution which led to the employment of women completely disrupted the cult of domesticity that was in place at this time. Despite the fact that this cult of domesticity was almost necessary to the bringing up of children at this time, it was also something that most women wanted. They looked forward to raising their children at home; this was a society that was still predominantly family orientated. A new way of looking at life was becoming prominent with the Industrial Revolution. The strive to make money in order to survive and obtain the luxuries now available to the general population through the new manufacturing technologies brought about the idea that money equaled happiness. That, To get, and to have the reputation of possessing, is the ruling passion ( Bellows, Henry W. The Influence of the Trading Spirit ,1845) is the new American ideal. According to Henry W. Bellows , this new drive for material possessions and money was creating an anxiety in the people of America, making them fundamentally unhappy. The basic moralities that used to drive the nation were no longer, and the new need for material conquests had taken over creating an every man for himself environment. In other countries in the world, happiness is as easy as maintaining a family business and making enough financially to support a family, but not so in America. Where work had driven American families ti b e gone from the home for most of the day and to neglect the family. This bread an unfortunate consequence of unhappiness during the Jacksonian period. All of these factors can add up to and attribute to one of the most influential social changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution; a widening of the gap between the rich and the poor. Through the new market enterprise, those in charge continuously took advantage of the less fortunate, gaining wealth without fail. Whereas those who were poor only continued to become more so. This widening of the social gap was beneficial to none but the highest of classes leaving the majority to despair and strive to survive. The Industrial Revolution from 1824 to 1840 was a time of drastic change. An influx of new immigrants, over population, new social roles for women, a new American ideal, and a widening gap between social classes were all unfortunate repercussions of this movement that drastically changed the way society ran for the worse. Creating a negative impact that categorizes this era and provides a building block for unrest in the Civil War. Sources Cited: 1834 Lowell Mill Girls Turnout to Protest Wage Cuts. Massachusets AFL-CIO. Web. 26 Feb. 2011. . Bellows, Henry W. The Influence of the Trading Spirit. 1845. Print Robinson, Harriet H. Memories of a Factory Girl. 1898. Print. A Young Woman Writes of the Evils of Factory Life in 1845. Documents Workbook Out of Man A History of the American People. Fifth ed. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education, 2007. 146-47. Print. A New England Woman Describes the Responsibilities of American Women in 1847. Documents Workbook Out of Man A History of the American People. Fifth ed. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education, 2007. 148-49. Print. A Young Woman Writes of the Evils of Factory Life in 1845. Documents Workbook Out of Man A History of the American People. Fifth ed. Upper Saddle RIver: Pearson Education, 2007. 146-47. Print. A New England Factory Issues Regulations for Workers. Documents Workbook Out of Man A History of the American People. Fifth ed. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education, 2007. 146-47. Print.

Afghanistan- A Country in Distress Essay -- essays research papers

Afghanistan- A Country in Distress Afghanistan, a country located in South Asia just east of Iran whose population is 28,513,677, is one of the countries that I chose to address. Their government is under Transitional Authority which is in a state of unrest as national elections would formally dissolve this system and adapt or establish the Government of Afghanistan under a new constitution. The country like others in the Middle East suffers from enormous poverty and a few other problems to include the lack of skilled and educated workers, which also has such a grave effect on most other countries. The lack of is more than likely what lies beneath the country’s poverty. If people aren’t educated or don’t have the knowledge to perform certain tasks then this definitely causes a problem with employment issues. Not only does the country have problems as these but they are also plagued by the crumbling infrastructure and land mines which hinder the expansion or opening of more companies, so there are definite geographical issues as well. One of the main economic concerns that I would like to make mention of is the poverty rate and problem with employment. Although the rate of unemployment is zero the lack of skilled and educated people could lead to possible unemployment as the job market calls for education and skill. With these factors in mind we think of the reasoning behind the poverty; if most of the labor force are uneducated and unskilled then the rate of pay isn’t very... Afghanistan- A Country in Distress Essay -- essays research papers Afghanistan- A Country in Distress Afghanistan, a country located in South Asia just east of Iran whose population is 28,513,677, is one of the countries that I chose to address. Their government is under Transitional Authority which is in a state of unrest as national elections would formally dissolve this system and adapt or establish the Government of Afghanistan under a new constitution. The country like others in the Middle East suffers from enormous poverty and a few other problems to include the lack of skilled and educated workers, which also has such a grave effect on most other countries. The lack of is more than likely what lies beneath the country’s poverty. If people aren’t educated or don’t have the knowledge to perform certain tasks then this definitely causes a problem with employment issues. Not only does the country have problems as these but they are also plagued by the crumbling infrastructure and land mines which hinder the expansion or opening of more companies, so there are definite geographical issues as well. One of the main economic concerns that I would like to make mention of is the poverty rate and problem with employment. Although the rate of unemployment is zero the lack of skilled and educated people could lead to possible unemployment as the job market calls for education and skill. With these factors in mind we think of the reasoning behind the poverty; if most of the labor force are uneducated and unskilled then the rate of pay isn’t very...

Regeneration by Pat Barker Essay -- Regeneration Pat Barker Essays

Regeneration by Pat Barker The war in 'Regeneration' is explored 'back home'. Rather than portraying the war in terms of fighting on the frontline in the battlefields of France, Barker demonstrates the effects on the soldiers 'back home', both physically and mentally. The soldiers are those who have been injured, shell-shocked, or had a breakdown and are being treated with the intention of sending those who are able, back to France or at least resuming some kind of war duties. The war is explored, essentially in terms of the psychological effects of those who fought it. The physical traumas and horrific injuries suffered are widely known. However the mental traumas are probably less known and not fully understand. It is from this perspective Barker writes. The book poses as an alternative to the novels written from the perspective and experiences of the soldier who is fighting on the frontline. I Regeneration we learn of these experiences from those who were there but learn them in such a way that we are allowed to understand the real and devastating effects they can have on individuals. Barker manages to provoke the vivid and agonising pain of the First World War through her characters and portrayals of how their lives and they themselves have come to change as people as a result of their involvement in the war. This is seen most clearly in patients such as Sassoon, Burns and Prior as well as Dr. Rivers. Through these characters she challenges the assumptions about the relationship between doctors and their patients - some patients describe Rivers as a father figure, between men and women - Prior finds comfort in a woman who learns nothing about his devastating experiences, and yet there are sub... ...become a rickety sack of skin and bones. There is an episode in Regeneration of his suicide attempt and we learn more about Burns trough his actions rather than his words and emotions. Burns was almost certainly never going to be able to overcome his condition and suffered badly from terrifying nightmares. Burns portrays then men who came back but already had lost their lives. Burns would never be able to return even slightly to the man he once was because his ordeal was too overwhelming and incredibly hard for him to forget and overcome. He is compelled with his thoughts and reminded of his experience in every nightmare and every time he eats. He would rather die and this is what Barker tries to communicate with us - that there were some whose experiences were so devastating that they will never get over them and therefore have already lost their lives.

Creating a Robot to Make Toast with Lego Mindstorm :: Robotics

Toast-O-Bot Abstract: A robot that uses a toaster to make toast, butters it with spray butter and makes a CD player play the song "Yeah Toast" would be both useful and entertaining. Using the Lego Mindstorms and MAC NQC to program them such a robot could be possible. Using the suggested design and programs for the Roboarm in the Definitive Guide to Lego Mindstorms as a starting point I built the robot and modified it for the toaster. During testing of the motors, it was discovered that Toast-O-Bot is not strong enough to press the button on the toaster. Even after toaster modification it was still unable to press the button. The Toast-O-Bot only moves the bread from location to location, so a user is required to press the button on the toaster. Background/Purpose: People with disabilities use many devices today to ease their lives and help with every day tasks. This may include simplified processes, service animals or small machines or robots that perform small tasks for any user; young, old, disabled, or able bodied. There are devices to change TV channels, open doors, turn lights on and off, and now a robot to make toast for them. Ever since the discovery of toast man has looked for a way to make toasting easier, beginning with the primitive toaster, and progressing to the modern pop toaster. The primitive toaster was made of iron and placed in hot coals. In 1909, G.E. introduced and patented the electric toaster. The pop toaster, introduced in 1919, has been modified by many people to develop the modern pop toaster. Toaster ovens, though not as common, are also used to make toast. The hope is to further ease the work that goes into the making of toast by creating a robot that can use a toaster to make toast. The robot will have a claw arm to pick up the bread and place it in the toaster. It will also have an arm to press the button on the toaster and on the spray butter. There will be a touch sensor at the bottom of the button track and when it equals zero the robot will remove the toast to butter it. After buttering the toast, it will then place it on a plate for the user to enjoy. It may also press play on something to play the 'Yeah Toast' song from the Bob and Tom Show. Materials: à ½ LEGO pieces need for the Roboarm from page 313 in the Definitive Guide to Lego Mindstorms à ½ Various decorative things à ½ A way to raise the base to the height of the toaster

Indian Dances Essay

India shows a variety of dances which can be seen in various parts of the country. These dances are performed differently and are an important aspect in Indian dance because they bring the past in the present by telling us about ancient Indian history. Besides entertainment these dances are knowledgble. The Indian dance are divided in two types Indian classical dance and Indian folk dance. The Indian classical dance comprises of : Bharatanatyam, Kathak, Odissi, Kuchipudi, Mohini attam, Manipuri and kathakali. The Indian folk dance contains Bhangra and special dance observed in regional festives. Besides giving us knowledge and entertaintment, these forms of dances shows unity in the diversity among people. Bharat Natyam was originated in a script called the Natya Shastra. This manuscript was written by Sage Bharata around 4000 B. C. This dance is first used to show energy and emotions and is one of the oldest form of dance among classical Indian dance. In this form of classical Indian dance called Bharata Natyam, performers can convey beliefs, legends, and ideas through movements, gestures, and expressions put to song. Bharat Natyam is the alternative way of storytelling, which has similar ideas to that which student read in today’s literature. It tells about the ancient literature of India. The Kathak dance derives its name from the community of Kathaks who are custodians of the art. The words Kathak and Kathakali are derived from katha meaning storytelling and kali meaning play. The Kathak means storytelling and Kathakali, story play. Kathak dancing performed by a dancer who stands and moves and lasya (the aspect) in which the dancer kneels or remains immobile the whole time except for the (gat) a descriptive passage, performed in a gentle rhythm and tells stories with his expressive powers only, with his face and hands. For kathakali special massage is given to the feet. The Kathakali technique of using the face expression is a pure marvel of accomplishment. Some ancient masters of this dance have such control of their facial muscles that they can laugh with one side and cry with the other. It is therefore understood that Indian dancing is not just physical movements of hands and legs; it is a form of physical art with body and mind for both men and women alike as well as a form of worship to the Almighty Divine Gods. Kuchipudi, a form of Indian classical dance, is the dance drama evolved into solo. In this the movement pattern are flowly and rounded. The performance usually begins with some stage rites, after then character comes on to the stage and introduces him/herself with a daru (a small composition of both song and dance) to introduce the identity, set the mood, of the character in the drama. The drama then begins. The dance is accompanied by song and the singer is accompanied by instument. Ornaments worn by the artists are made of a light weight wood. Manipuri dance is one of the major Indian classical dance forms. It originates from Manipur, a state in North-East India. The traditional Manipuri dance consists of lyrical and graceful movements. Tbe aim is to make rounded movements and avoid any jerks, sharp edges or straight lines. This gives soft appearance to Manipuri dance. Of course, behind this soft impressioon lies a tough body control. In this dance, the dancer’s feet should never strike the ground hard enough to interfere with the delicate flow of movemets. Every time the dancer puts down his or her feet, even during vigorous steps, it is the front part of the feet which touch the ground first. The ankle and knee joints are used as shock absorbers. Manipuri dancers do not wera ankle bells, whose purpose in other Indian dances are notice the beats tapped out by the feet.. Like the movemets of the body and feet, the facial expression in Manipuri should be subtle. The main point of the dance style are devotion and grace. Once in India I went to a show to watch Bharat Natyam with my parents and relatives.. The dance was going pretty good, but due to my ignorance about dance, I couldn’t figure what they mean by their movements. In India, the Indian classical dance is fading away with the arrival of Western Indian dance. The classical dance can’t compete with the fast music and body movents in Western Indian dance. Unlike western dance the Indian classical dance take about 12 years of learning which can’t be spent in today’s fast moving and modern generation. The present generation have a task to make these dances easy to learn for the future generation. Indian folk and tribal dances are simple dances, and are performed to express joy in every possible occasion, to celebrate the arrival of seasons, birth of a child, a wedding and festivals. Like Bhangra these dances have minimum of steps or movement. Men and women perform some dances exclusively, while in some perfomances men and women dance together. On most occasions, the dancers sing themselves, while being accompanied by artists on the instruments. Each form of dance has a specific costume. Bhangra is a fusion of music, singing and the beat of the dhol drum. Bhangra has always been popular amongst Punjabi people all over the world. Its traditional sound is often been together with musical styles. The dancers wear different colors of clothes and daces among themselves. In present, bhangra has been fused with disce, techno, house, rap, ragga, and now jungle. These new styles have been so successful that modern bhangra is now being re-exported bace to India. Altogether these forms of dances relate to harvest celebration, love, patriotism or current social issues. Many people do a lot of practice to master in these styles of dances. These dances are popular in India and most parts of the world and people are proud to perfom them. To make the past intact, these dances play a vital role in India. Many schools teach these dances in school to keep these dances through future. These dances bring unity among the people of India and tie them together to form a string of beads connected as people to have a country rich in dance called India.

Psychological Effect Essay

Most traffickers recruit their victims between the ages of 6 to 24, because a young victim will easily succumb to force and give in. They are forced into heavy physical labor in hazardous environments. Many are also taught the use of weapons and are recruited as ‘soldiers’ in armed conflicts. According to statistics by the U. S. Department of State, globally, 2 million children are trafficked into the sex trade each year. The children suffer from lack of self-esteem, emotional disturbance, disorientation, and depression and are scarred for life. They develop deep psychological disorders that they struggle with for the rest of their lives even if they have been rescued. Psychological vulnerability hinders them from having a healthy state of mind in the future. The children are likely to become withdrawn and tend to be suicidal. Any children born to the victims of prostitution are taken away at the time of birth causing further mental agony to the mothers. In fact, the longer the victims have been enslaved, greater will be their traumatic experience. Health Effects Human Trafficking, Human Misery’, a book written by Alexis Aronowitz, states that an estimated 80% victims of trafficking are sexually exploited, abused or forced into prostitution as most victims are young women and children. Such a victim probably might have to cater to anywhere between 8 to 15 clients in a day. The use of sexual protection is negligible in this industry, leaving the exploited at a high risk of contracting various sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS that they further pass on to the men and their partners. In some cases, victims are also subjected to substance abuse by being forced to take drugs. Such individuals also have to constantly battle with drug addiction. Improper supply of meals and the lack of nutritious food causes malnourishment in these entrapped victims. Poor living conditions also contribute to the development of various diseases that these victims suffer from in later years. The victims are not given any medical aid to cure these ailments. Those recruited in chemical factories are treated like modern-day slaves and when they succumb to occupational diseases, are quickly replaced by another batch of victims. Societal Effects  The victims may be used as bonded labor in their own country or transported to another country whereupon arrival, their passports and migration documents are taken away from them, leaving them helpless and immobile. Sadly, they are often charged as collaborators of the crimes rather than being seen as victims. They are kept in very poor conditions with sub-standard clothing and food, unhygienic living conditions and no provision for healthcare. They are also often physically and sexually abused by their employers and ‘clients’ for non-compliance with demands. This is a very gruesome picture of the face of our society, hiding behind a wall. Another point to be noted here is that the victims are deprived of education and all human rights. The victims always struggle to gain acceptance in society from the stigma after being rescued. This illegal trafficking often intermingles with other crimes such as smuggling of drugs and ammunition. Corruption is so widespread in our world that the greed for wealth only further encourages trafficking of humans to flourish, with no barriers. In such a scenario, the development of a stable and robust society seems like a distant dream. Economic Effects  According to the International Labor Organization (ILO), human trafficking generates $31. 6 billion estimated illicit profit worldwide! As calculated by the CIA, a trafficker earns up to $250,000 per victim of the sex trade in a year. Of this sum, the victim is paid a trivial amount or nothing at all on the pretext of clearing up debts and paying for expenses such as food, clothing and lodging. The victims of slavery are also paid very meager wages for strenuous physical labor which prevents them from fleeing. Availability of such cheap labor hinders employment opportunities and subsequently, reduces per capita income of the nation. The financial repercussions cannot be overlooked. In fact, the network of traffickers has gained immense financial strength which allows such illegal activities to thrive without the fear of law. Illegal immigration is also a threat to national security and a cause of concern for governments worldwide. It gives rise to other ills such as terrorism, poverty, poor standard of living, unemployment, expanding population, wastage of resources, high crime rates, and lack of enforcement of law and order in the country. These factors slow down the economic growth of the nation. Often, the victims are subjugated by the burden of debts and pressured into forced labor. Debt bondage is a criminal offense in the United States and yet everyday people are being enslaved for it. The wealth gains from trafficking are redirected to legal activities by investing in businesses or funding public affairs in order to launder that money. Along with forced cheap labor, this creates unnecessary competition for genuine businesses. But, above all, the loss of valuable human resources is the most regrettable. It is an undue waste of productivity and development. In fact, it is a disgrace to humanity.

History Essay

To what extent was England dominated by Spain and the serving of Spanish interests during the reign of Mary When Mary decided upon making Spain a close ally in 1554 through the marriage of herself and Philip II of Spain, she took special precaution to not give the superpower too much authority over England. Despite that Lord Chancellor Gardiner and the House of Commons petitioned Mary to consider marrying an Englishman, after they feared that England would be relegated to a dependency of Spain, this fear in many cases came true. Philip viewed the marriage as entirely political and his second visit to England was clearly only due to wanting involvement in England, Spanish interests in England were helpfully reinforced through the marriage and Mary’s foreign policy, subsequently making England a Spanish pawn. However arguments to indicate that England was not dominated by Spain are also clearly noticeable, as Mary received her own advantages out of the marriage with Philip and assured Spain of the little authority Philip would receive through the terms of agreement. The marriage between Mary and Philip which he viewed to be entirely political and leaving Mary to defer heavily on Philip allowed him to also enjoy titles and honours for as long as their marriage should last. All official documents, including acts of parliament were to be dated with both their names, parliament was to be called under the joint authority of the couple and coins were to show the heads of both Mary and Philip. As well as Philip as a figure receiving authority in England, other advantages also lead to Spain being able to use England for Spanish interests. Involving England in the Hapsburg-Valois conflict, they made England into a ‘submissive satellite around the Hapsburg power’; this finally led to the loss of precious Calais for England after there was limited assistance in defence of Calais. Philips coincidental investment in the English navy led to huge advantages as he could consequently use this for his own benefit, and his communication with the Netherlands. This could perhaps be seen as pre-planned by Philip and therefore strongly suggesting Spain was using England for its benefit wherever its interests lay. Other examples are obvious of Philip taking advantage of English involvement, and this can be seen at the Siege of St Quentin, where 5,000 Englishmen joined 70,000 Spanish. Philips forces broke through French defence and the English support was made to seem more important than it was, in fact English troops were not actually needed at all. Overall England can be seen as doing exactly as Spain wished and Spain doing as they thought themselves necessary, the English cleared the channel for Phillip as he wished and Philip only visited England when he required England’s involvement, the marriage appeared completely one sided as Mary showed reliance on Phillip and heavily on Spanish advisors. Alternative views can also be noticed, as England received huge advantages through the alliance with Spain and perhaps gained just as much if not more than Spain had. The marriage with Phillip increased Mary’s Spanish inheritance, Philip was heir to vast territories in continental Europe and the New World and upon marriage Mary became Queen of Naples and titular Queen of Jerusalem. It was obviously clear to Mary that she was in need of a husband and an heir, in this case Philip was providing both, he had already one son from his first marriage and this proved him a good breeder so subsequently benefited Mary hugely and her security in England. Alternative support and security was also established upon the alliance as Henry II had strong Scottish support he was always a threat to England as he wanted Calais, however Mary alone would seem an easy target, but aligned with Spain she appeared stronger. We must also notice that Mary’s tactical approach to the terms of the marriage agreement left her in a very safe position. If no heir was secured or Mary died, neither he or his heirs would have any claim to the throne of England, Philip was to receive the title of King and rule as joint sovereign but he had no sovereign authority. He could not promote foreigners to hold office in England but he must uphold the laws of England. Those in Spain felt that Philips honour had been disparaged and it’s probable that Philip felt the same, however Mary was left safe and secure with the ability to use Spain as she wished. Mary was able to secure England’s main commercial outlet with the Netherlands and could use Spanish help if necessary against political instability, overall English security increased hugely and the benefits were clearly noticeable, proving in fact England was not dominated by Spain and Spanish interests and Mary’s own interests were not left abandoned. In conclusion, both arguments provide fair points and an equal understanding of advantages and disadvantages for each monarch due to the Spanish alliance; however the view that England was a Spanish pawn is a weak one. It is obvious England played along with the serving of Spanish interests but Mary still upheld authority and power, she only behaved to Spanish wishes to keep the alliance strong and secure. This did not necessarily mean that England was dominated and under Spanish dependency. Mary had a necessity to marry and produce an heir, this was an expectation she was forced to follow, and subsequently Phillip filled this position and secured many other insecurities which needed to be attended. Consequently England possessed access to numerous things; Spanish inheritance, Charles V as an ally, England’s main commercial outlet with the Netherlands, access to Spanish Atlantic treasure and political stability. Overall England received increasing security and benefits from the alliance with Spain, proving England not to be dominated by Spain but using Spain to it’s advantage equally as much.

Richard III

Analysis of Richard III PassageMethoughts that I had broken from the Tower And was embarked to traverse to Burgundy, And in my company my brother Gloucester, Who from my cabin tempted me to walk Upon the hatches. Thence we looked toward England And cited up a 1000 fearful times, During the wars of York and Lancaster That had befall'n us. As we paced along Upon the dizzy terms of the hatches, Methought that Gloucester stumbled, and in falling Struck me, that thought to remain him, overboard Into the toppling surges of the chief. O Lord, methought what hurting it was to submerge, What awful noise of Waterss in my ears, What sights of ugly decease within my eyes. Methoughts I saw a 1000 fearful wracks, A thousand work forces that fishes gnawed upon, Wedges of gold, great ground tackles, tonss of pearl, Incomputable rocks, unappreciated gems, All scattered in the underside of the sea. Some ballad in dead work forces ‘s skulls, and in the holes Where eyes did one time inhabit, there were crept— As 'twere in contempt of eyes—reflecting treasures, That wooed the slimed underside of the deep And mocked the dead castanetss that lay scattered by. ( I: IV:9-33 ) Clarence ‘s prophetic dream sequence in Act I scene Four Begins and ends with premonition, as we see the slaying of Clarence and besides visualize the eerie and supernatural glance of an underworld beneath the ocean as we see Clarence distressingly drown. The transition begins with Richard and Clarence puting canvas to Burgundy, reminiscing on the horrors of the conflicts they had won and lost together throughout the war of the roses. As their ship begins to destabilize, Clarence is cast overboard after seeking to forestall Richard from falling. The text leads us to believe this is inadvertent despite logic stating us to instantly presume this was planned by Richard. As Clarence distressingly drowns, he begins to depict the dark, supernatural underbelly of the ocean. Multitudes of lost wealth and hoarded wealth are seen alongside decomposing cadavers and the liquors of 1000s of work forces, work forces whose deceases, it has been suggested, Clarence was partially responsible fo r as a consequence of the recent overthrow of the monarchy. Clarence ‘s dream sequence is laced with both dramatic linguistic communication and baleful boding throughout. An array of poetic devices and literary techniques are employed to successfully reenforce major issues and subjects of the drama as a whole within this transition. Numerous subjects are reinforced and introduced in this transition such as the apposition of earthly wealth and human mortality, the upseting trust that Clarence has for Richard, horror and calamity, and besides the motive of the dark and the supernatural. Furthermore if we read the transition from a modern position we can integrate a Freudian reading when analyzing what seems to be Clarence ‘s subconscious head. Whilst watching Richard III, the character of Richard is hard to side with nevertheless at the same clip there is a certain appeal and inventiveness about him that is difficult to dislike. There are cases throughout the drama which help to demo Richard as a antic linguist and a sympathetic Machiavellian hero. However, at the same clip the dramatic sarcasm used in the signifier of Clarence ‘s weakness and naivete is perchance the most powerful illustration throughout the full drama which shows the cold and evil inner nucleus of Richard ‘s character. When Clarence dreams of Richard killing him, the text seems to propose that Richard did this by accident as Clarence says that Richard â€Å"in falling, Struck me, that thought to remain him, overboard.† [ [ 1 ] ] The manner Clarence has made a point of stating how Richard merely pushed him â€Å"in falling† is interesting as it makes us oppugn the dependability of Clarence ‘s history. This dramatic sarcasm plants because from an audience ‘s position we are already cognizant of the dark nature and pitilessness of Richard, moreover we know that Richard is in the procedure of engineering the slaying of his brother Clarence. These factors make us oppugn the â€Å"accidental nature† of Clarence ‘s narrative despite it being a dream. Could this dream in fact be a message straight from Clarence ‘s subconscious trying to warn him of his impending decease? We could in fact read this transition as Shakespeare trying to show a sixteenth century equivalent to Freud ‘s construct of the subconscious head. The audience is now to the full anticipating the impending decease of Clarence, and the incapacitated audience is forced to sympathize with him and get down to contemn Richard. The experience of this scene could be summed up by a quotation mark from critic Charles Barber, who believes â€Å"Clarence ‘s incredulity in his ain dream creates the feeling that Rich ard ‘s immorality is excessively monstrous for those around him to accept or conceive of, and therefore it amplifies our horror of Richard.† [ [ 2 ] ] The antecedently mentioned construct of Shakespeare meaning to demo the workings of Clarence ‘s subconscious is besides fascinating as it demonstrates a sample of a theory that was non to go popularly recognised for 100s of old ages. This element adds deepness and verisimilitude to the drama and besides adds to our hatred for Richard. Freud describes the unconscious head as â€Å"a reservoir of feelings, ideas, impulses, and memories that are outside of our witting awareness.† [ [ 3 ] ] It would look that these feelings are more perceptive in some ways than Clarence ‘s witting 1s. Somehow Clarence ‘s unconscious has picked up more about Richard ‘s character than his witting head. This poses an interesting inquiry, even to a modern audience, about the antic complexness of our heads. An audience who embraces this reading is likely to happen this idea provoking and be intellectually stimulated by this construct. If we take this transition to intend that th at Clarence ‘s unconscious head is seeking to state him something, so we besides read that his witting head is disregarding it for non merely does he presume his dreamed decease was an accident, but he subsequently goes on to province how his brother â€Å"loves me dear† and says to the liquidators ( hired by Richard ) that â€Å"if you be hired for meed, travel back once more, And I will direct you to my brother Gloucester, Who shall honor you better for my life.† [ [ 4 ] ] Clarence ‘s refusal to move upon this portents and moreover disregard his ain ego is important in demoing the power and use Richard is capable of. When the audience listens to Clarence ‘s history of his dream, the transition should render as extremely important as it foreshadows many of the events yet to come in the drama. When Clarence begins to submerge this is in fact an eerie prefiguration of his eventual decease, and more specifically submerging minutes subsequently in the scene. One critic has besides read this dream as besides boding the nightmare Richard himself experiences prior to the conflict of Bosworth in Act V scene V. [ [ 4b ] ] There is much boding throughout the drama, such as when Queen Margaret, a enchantress like character, is introduced. Queen Margaret begins to state curst prognostications as a acrimonious effort to revenge all of those who have antecedently wronged her. It is besides interesting to observe that through this transition, Shakespeare has included a subject that was popular amongst Renaissance literature, whereby earthly wealth is shown in apposition with human mortality. [ [ 4c ] ] This was a common concern among authors of the clip as earthly wealth ‘s value was questioned in many ways because of the realization that we can non purchase â€Å"life† and wealth will intend nil in the hereafter. While absorbing the address, we notice that there are infinite images in this transition that barrage us with this subject. The lost hoarded wealths are described to a great extent and often such as the â€Å"wedges of gold, great ground tackles, tonss of pearl, incomputable rocks, and unappreciated jewels.† However it becomes clearer why Shakespeare has made a point of making this when we consider this subject of human mortality versus earthly wealth. When we so go on to see â€Å"Some [ gems ] ballad in dead work forces â⠂¬Ëœs skulls, and in the holes Where eyes did one time inhabit† decease and wealth are non merely in apposition, they are basically merged as one. The manner the gems have been incorporated into the oculus sockets of the skull makes the apposition even more dramatic as they about seem as one entity because of the manner we associate the gems as eyes slotting into the sockets of a skull. This transition is besides important in the manner it introduces the motive of the Gothic into the drama. Clarence ‘s dream sequence accompanied with the eerie cursing of Queen Margaret subsequently in the drama, are both scenes which contribute to the Gothic elements of this drama through mentions to the supernatural and the unknown, and minutes of horror. Horror as a literary term can be described as â€Å"The feeling of repugnance that normally occurs after something terrorization is seen, heard, or otherwise experienced.† [ [ 5 ] ] We see horror in the transition when Clarence describes in item the scenes of the underworld and the nature of his painful drowning. Clarence explains â€Å"what pain it was to submerge, What awful noise of Waterss in my ears, What sights of ugly decease within my eyes.† This dramatic address forces the audience to get down to see the submerging themselves as Clarence uses powerful imagery such as the H2O in his ears and the hurting that he experienced. Furthermore the grotesque and macabre images of â€Å"a thousand work forces that fishes gnawed upon† besides help to dismay the audience. Supernatural elements that besides contribute to the Gothic feel of the drama are seen in another subsequent prognostication manner dream of Clarence ‘s where he sees the shade of Prince Edward, a Lancastrian whom Clarence had helped to kill. Edward begins to cuss Clarence as liquors begin to drag him below to the underworld. After analyzing Clarence ‘s dream in Act I scene IV, it can be concluded that Shakespeare has employed a scope of literary techniques and thoughts that help to reenforce and present of import subjects that permeate the full drama. Techniques such as dramatic sarcasm encourages us to appreciate the immorality of Richard, and the inclusion of a subconscious aid add deepness and machination to the drama. Furthermore the transition is a utile penetration into the drama as a whole through the debut of other of import subjects and issues of the twenty-four hours such as horror, the supernatural, and the apposition of earthly wealth and human mortality.BibliographyBarber Charles, Notes on Richard III, ( London, Longman, 1999 ) Devendra, Varma The Gothic Flame, ( New York: Russell and Russell, 1966 ) Radcliffe, Ann On the Supernatural in Poetry, Exert taken from New Monthly Magazine vol.16 No.1 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.litgothic.com/Texts/radcliffe_sup.pdf [ 22.4.09 ] Shakespeare, William, Richard III, ( London, The Arden Shakespeare, 2006 ) Strachey, James ( Trans. ) , ed. Anna Freud, The Necessities of Psychoanalysis, ( London: Vintage Books, 2005. ) [ [ 1 ] ] William Shakespeare, Richard III, ( London, The Arden Shakespeare, 2006 ) I.IV.19-20 [ [ 2 ] ] Charles Barber, Notes on Richard III, ( London, Longman,1999 ) p.75 [ [ 3 ] ] James Strachey ( Trans. ) , ed. Anna Freud, The Necessities of Psychoanalysis, ‘the unconscious ‘ ( London: Vintage Books, 2005. ) p.46 [ [ 4 ] ] William Shakespeare, Richard III, ( London, The Arden Shakespeare, 2006 ) I.IV 217-218 p.183 [ [ 4b ] ] Barber Charles, Notes on Richard III, ( London, Longman, 1999 ) p.96 [ [ 4c ] ] Ibid. [ [ 5 ] ] Varma Devendra, The Gothic Flame, ( New York: Russell and Russell, 1966 ) p.17

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Reflection paper on the experience of a student that visited a Native American Sweat Logde - Essay Example Though I lacked a deep understanding of the Native American theology and religious beliefs, still the sweat lodge experience left me feeling cleansed and refreshed. To begin with, before I actually experienced the sweat lodge ritual, I felt a bit anxious and curious. I was really eager to be a part of a religious experience that is so important to the Native American culture. Yet, I also felt anxious and a bit afraid, doubting my ability to understand the larger meaning and relevance of a Native American sweat lodge ceremony. Irrespective of this, I decide to approach the whole experience with an open mind and to restrain myself from being judgmental of a theological tradition that was new to me. I am glad to say that I did not comes across any major hurdles in being a part of the sweat lodge ritual I attended. I realized that the theology marking the sweat lodge ritual happened to be profound, yet easy to grasp and relate to. I found that the people who belonged to the Native American tradition or those had attended a sweat lodge ceremony before had taken great care to prepare them self for this ceremony. Eager to know more about it, I questioned some of them as to how they prepared them self for the sweat lodge ceremony. I found out that they had resorted to fasting, prayer sessions and some cleansing rituals to prepare themselves well in advance. It was really moving to find out the sense of reverence and respect with which these individuals prepared them self for the sweat lodge ceremony. It clearly showed the kind of spiritual importance and relevance they associated with this ceremony. So I decided to pray with these people, to be able to relate to the whole experience with a sense of reverence and solemnity. The attitude of many of my partners there amply conveyed to me the fact that I was going to be a part of something really deep and sacred. I

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Conflict resolution - Case Study Example The second case of the conflict may be difficult to resolve owing to the fact that a change in cultural norm is a gradual affair and would in cooperate systematic agreement and understanding of each other’s situation to resolve the conflict (Hansen, 2008). In an attempt to analyses and understand the nature of conflict and conflict resolution, this paper will draw from a conflict whereby an old fashioned, old school white woman from the southern states of US and in her late 70’s arrives as a new patient in a facility where a young black CAN-T (Nurse) works. As a result of the socio-cultural way of life in the southern states of America, black members of the society are called â€Å"colored." The new patient persistently calls the CAN-T colored despite pleas from the nurse to be referred to by the title or by name. The CAN-T feels offended by the persistence in the naming and perceives this to be racially instigated thus reports the matter to the director of nursing in the facility. Nevertheless, the new patient does not feel offensive and affirms that she has a right and freedom to speak. The situation thus results in a conflict as much as the new patient does not want a change of the nurse, as the CAN-T has been so good in de livering her services. Descriptively, this nature of a conflict falls under the category of a health worker to patient conflict. This kind of a conflict can in most cases interfere with the quality of services the nurse would offer the patient, thus instead of providing a primary nursing services, the nurse may only manage the conditions and procedures of the patient and not the patient (Nan, 2011). The conflict under study has more implications for the nurse as the patient feels she is right to call the nurse in the way she deems right. Psychologically, the conflict has a tremendous impact on the nurse in terms of stress, anger and sadness. The

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Business marketing - Essay Example Research is an activity that is intended to arrive at a solution for a question or set of questions. (Ghauri & Gronhaug, 2005). Therefore, research needs to be executed in a systematic way with proper planning. Saunders et al. (2007) perceive research as an onion with different layers (figure 3.1). Figure 3.1: The Research ‘Onion’ Source: Saunders et al., (2007) As per the research onion, the five layers of research are Research philosophy, research approach, research strategy, time horizon and data collection (Saunders et al., 2007). 3.2 RESEARCH PHILOSOPHY Research philosophy refers to the methodology and strategies used by the researcher based on the researcher’s individual assumptions. Saunders et al. (2007) states that a research philosophy is related to the nature and development of the knowledge. Thus, a research philosophy is mostly based on the researcher’s perception about knowledge and its development. A research process is influenced by three ma jor thinking’s of research philosophy which are axiology, ontology and epistemology. Axiology is the frame reference for scientific ethics (Edwards, 1995). As mentioned, axiology forms the study of the ethical part, that is, value and principles by using mathematical proof. Ontology is about the behaviour of social entities. Ontology is regarded with the nature of social entities, where it possesses the question whether social entities can and should be considered as objective entities that have a reality external to the social actors, or whether they can and should be considered social constructions build up from the perceptions and actions of social actors (Bryman & Bell, 2007). The two main theories of ontology are objectivism and contructionism. The third thinking Epistemology explains about knowledge. It raises the question as to what should be considered as the perfect knowledge in a discipline. (Bryman & Bell, 2007). Epistemology ensures whether an area of study is wor th the research. (Gill & Johnson, 2010). The three research divisions of Epistemology are positivism, realism and interpretivism. 3.2.1 Positivism Positivism could be considered as an epistemological position that supports the application of the methods to learning of a social reality and beyond (Bryman & Bell, 2007). Checkland (1999) explains that positivism is a method for procuring knowledge which can be tested publicly with a rational thinking supported by observation and experimentation tools. In a research with positivism, the researcher will adopt a philosophical approach for arriving at a solution. Saunders et al. (2007) Therefore, a rational and thoughtful experimentation is the primary focus of positivism. As per Kolb (1984), a researcher is an accommodator. This is based on the concept of ‘Learning Style Assessment.’ Such researcher falls under the category of positivists. (Figure 3.2). This shows the attitude and interests of the researchers in trying solvin g problems. Positivism stresses on data and observations that are quantifiable and that can be statistically analysed. (Remenyi et al., 1998). Through tools such as questionnaires, data will be collected and statistical tools will be used to analyse the same. Analysis will also be based on the situations. The researcher will prefer working with an evident social certainty and that the end

The Impact of using New Technology in Art Exhibitions Essay

The Impact of using New Technology in Art Exhibitions - Essay Example This is followed by a thorough analysis of the various expert viewpoints regarding several issues, such as whether online exhibition seems likely to replace traditional exhibition completely. These viewpoints are extracted from different literatures. For the artistic viewpoint, the research has used ‘Ways of Seeing’ and ‘Management and the Arts’, whereas, management books help elaborate the business viewpoint. 1. Traditional Exhibition: Scientific and technological advancement has dynamically altered the traditional exhibition industry, bringing in innovative technology into performance art, as is present in the London Design Museum. This has enhanced the ability of artistic techniques to express and generate emotion, and has also made the use of network form more efficient. Experts also write about how technological changes have affected the viewership and appreciation of the relevant art forms and their exhibitions. Technology has enabled a whole new segme nt of visitors to visit these art exhibitions and museums to appreciate the work. These audiences are those present worldwide, who can now appreciate the art by visiting online galleries of these museums (Camp, MacFadden and Mercer, 2000). Thus, the visitors are no longer limited to physical visits to the institutions. Their visits are no longer contingent on their geographical location, but simply on their passion and interest in art. Furthermore, technology has made it possible to sort out and cater to each of these virtual visitors individually, based on their educational backgrounds, ages and interests. This helps museums further achieve their goals of educating the public with the various lessons that art has to offer, and expanding their minds to further enable them to understand the depths of each piece of art. Thus, with this technological aide, museums are able to enrich the experience they provide to their visitors (Perlin 1998). Another relevant insight that the available literatures had to offer was about the â€Å"Contaminated Cultural Materials in Museum Collections† workshop that the Arizona State Museum at the University of Arizona in Tuscon held. The planning and implementation was sponsored by a NAPGRA grant, and the event took place from March 16th to 18th in 2000 (Odegaard & Sadongei, 2005). The workshop was held for representatives of the twenty one American Indian tribes in Arizona, aiming to discuss the features and quantity of chemical contamination present on tribal cultural material that the museum possesses. Following this, it aimed to explain the need for using such poisons on the materials. This was accompanied by a brief overview of the health risks, which are potentially attached with preserving and restoring a functional object in order to display to a community. Finally, the workshop aimed to circulate the clearinghouse information pertaining to medical referrals as well as toxicologists, chemical hygienists and other su ch health experts (Odegaard and Sadongei, p xi, 2005). Conclusion The workshop highlighted some important facts that need attention when museums and tribes plan to collaborate in the restoration of objects before sending them back to their place of origin. It shed light on the importance of communication in this ordeal. It is the museums responsibility to actively communicate all issue during consultations, and to keep the tribes informed during the whole process. The chances of uncovering a serious health issue of

Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

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